Multilabel Classification (MLC) deals with the simultaneous classification of multiple binary labels. The task is challenging because, not only may there be arbitrarily different and complex relationships between predictor variables and each label, but associations among labels may exist even after accounting for effects of predictor variables. In this paper, we present a Bayesian additive regression tree (BART) framework to model the problem. BART is a nonparametric and flexible model structure capable of uncovering complex relationships within the data. Our adaptation, MLCBART, assumes that labels arise from thresholding an underlying numeric scale, where a multivariate normal model allows explicit estimation of the correlation structure among labels. This enables the discovery of complicated relationships in various forms and improves MLC predictive performance. Our Bayesian framework not only enables uncertainty quantification for each predicted label, but our MCMC draws produce an estimated conditional probability distribution of label combinations for any predictor values. Simulation experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model by comparing its performance with a set of models, including the oracle model with the correct functional form. Results show that our model predicts vectors of labels more accurately than other contenders and its performance is close to the oracle model. An example highlights how the method's ability to produce measures of uncertainty on predictions provides nuanced understanding of classification results.

Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) are popular Bayesian ensemble models used in regression and classification analysis. Under this modeling framework, the regression function is approximated by an ensemble of decision trees, interpreted as weak learners that capture different features of the data. In this work, we propose a generalization of the BART model that has two main features: first, it automatically selects the number of decision trees using the given data; second, the model allows clusters of observations to have different regression functions since each data point can only use a selection of weak learners, instead of all of them. This model generalization is accomplished by including a binary weight matrix in the conditional distribution of the response variable, which activates only a specific subset of decision trees for each observation. Such a matrix is endowed with an Indian Buffet process prior, and sampled within the MCMC sampler, together with the other BART parameters. We then compare the Infinite BART model with the classic one on simulated and real datasets. Specifically, we provide examples illustrating variable importance, partial dependence and causal estimation.

Such designs arise when treatment assignment is based on whether a particular covariate -- referred to as the running variable -- lies above or below a known value, referred to as the cutoff value. Because treatment is deterministically assigned as a known function of the running variable, RDDs are trivially deconfounded: treatment assignment is independent of the outcome variable, given the running variable (because treatment is conditionally constant). However, estimation of treatment effects in RDDs is more complicated than simply controlling for the running variable, because doing so introduces a complete lack of overlap, which is the other key condition needed to justify regression adjustment for causal inference. Nonetheless, treatment effects at the cutoff may still be identified. Specifically, it is well-known that treatment effects at the cutoff can be estimated from RDDs as the magnitude of a discontinuity in the conditional mean response function at that point (Hahn et al., 2001). This paper investigates the use of Bayesian additive regression tree models (Chipman et al., 2010; Hahn et al., 2020) for the purpose of estimating conditional average treatments effects (CATE) at the cutoff, conditional on observed covariates other than the running variable. To the best of our knowledge, such data-driven CATE estimation has not been a focus of the existing RDD literature and we are the first to propose BART for this purpose.

Brain activity translation into human language delivers the capability to revolutionize machine-human interaction while providing communication support to people with speech disability. Electronic decoding reaches a certain level of achievement yet current EEG-to-text decoding methods fail to reach open vocabularies and depth of meaning and individual brain-specific variables. We introduce a special framework which changes conventional closed-vocabulary EEG-to-text decoding approaches by integrating subject-specific learning models with natural language processing methods to resolve detection obstacles. This method applies a deep representation learning approach to extract important EEG features which allow training of neural networks to create elaborate sentences that extend beyond original data content. The ZuCo dataset analysis demonstrates that research findings achieve higher BLEU, ROUGE and BERTScore performance when compared to current methods. The research proves how this framework functions as an effective approach to generate meaningful and correct texts while understanding individual brain variations. The proposed research aims to create a connection between open-vocabulary Text generation systems and human brain signal interpretation for developing efficacious brain-to-text systems. The research produces interdisciplinary effects through innovative assistive technology development and personalized communication systems which extend possibilities for human-computer interaction in various settings.

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in various domains has led to operational advancements, but it has also introduced new vulnerabilities to cybersecurity threats, as evidenced by recent widespread cyberattacks on IoT devices. Intrusion detection systems are often reactive, triggered by specific patterns or anomalies observed within the network. To address this challenge, this work proposes a proactive approach to anticipate and preemptively mitigate malicious activities, aiming to prevent potential damage before it occurs. This paper proposes an innovative intrusion prediction framework empowered by Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs). The framework incorporates two LLMs: a fine-tuned Bidirectional and AutoRegressive Transformers (BART) model for predicting network traffic and a fine-tuned Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model for evaluating the predicted traffic. By harnessing the bidirectional capabilities of BART the framework then identifies malicious packets among these predictions. Evaluated using the CICIoT2023 IoT attack dataset, our framework showcases a notable enhancement in predictive performance, attaining an impressive 98% overall accuracy, providing a powerful response to the cybersecurity challenges that confront IoT networks.

Dealing with missing data poses significant challenges in predictive analysis, often leading to biased conclusions when oversimplified assumptions about the missing data process are made. In cases where the data are missing not at random (MNAR), jointly modeling the data and missing data indicators is essential. Motivated by a real data application with partially missing multivariate outcomes related to leaf photosynthetic traits and several environmental covariates, we propose two methods under a selection model framework for handling data with missingness in the response variables suitable for recovering various missingness mechanisms. Both approaches use a multivariate extension of Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) to flexibly model the outcomes. The first approach simultaneously uses a probit regression model to jointly model the missingness. In scenarios where the relationship between the missingness and the data is more complex or non-linear, we propose a second approach using a probit BART model to characterize the missing data process, thereby employing two BART models simultaneously. Both models also effectively handle ignorable covariate missingness. The efficacy of both models compared to existing missing data approaches is demonstrated through extensive simulations, in both univariate and multivariate settings, and through the aforementioned application to the leaf photosynthetic trait data.

Using supervised automatic summarisation methods requires sufficient corpora that include pairs of documents and their summaries. Similarly to many tasks in natural language processing, most of the datasets available for summarization are in English, posing challenges for developing summarization models in other languages. Thus, in this work, we introduce RoLargeSum, a novel large-scale summarization dataset for the Romanian language crawled from various publicly available news websites from Romania and the Republic of Moldova that were thoroughly cleaned to ensure a high-quality standard. RoLargeSum contains more than 615K news articles, together with their summaries, as well as their headlines, keywords, dialect, and other metadata that we found on the targeted websites. We further evaluated the performance of several BART variants and open-source large language models on RoLargeSum for benchmarking purposes. We manually evaluated the results of the best-performing system to gain insight into the potential pitfalls of this data set and future development.

In recent times, extracting valuable information from large text is making significant progress. Especially in the current era of social media, people expect quick bites of information. Automatic text summarization seeks to tackle this by slimming large texts down into more manageable summaries. This important research area can aid in decision-making by digging out salient content from large text. With the progress in deep learning models, significant work in language models has emerged. The encoder-decoder framework in deep learning has become the central approach for automatic text summarization. This work leverages transformer-based BART model for human-like summarization which is an open-ended problem with many challenges. On training and fine-tuning the encoder-decoder model, it is tested with diverse sample articles and the quality of summaries of diverse samples is assessed based on human evaluation parameters. Further, the finetuned model performance is compared with the baseline pretrained model based on evaluation metrics like ROUGE score and BERTScore. Additionally, domain adaptation of the model is required for improved performance of abstractive summarization of dialogues between interlocutors. On investigating, the above popular evaluation metrics are found to be insensitive to factual errors. Further investigation of the summaries generated by finetuned model is done using the contemporary evaluation metrics of factual consistency like WeCheck and SummaC. Empirical results on BBC News articles highlight that the gold standard summaries written by humans are more factually consistent by 17% than the abstractive summaries generated by finetuned model.

This research aims to propose and evaluate a novel model named K-Fold Causal Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (K-Fold Causal BART) for improved estimation of Average Treatment Effects (ATE) and Conditional Average Treatment Effects (CATE). The study employs synthetic and semi-synthetic datasets, including the widely recognized Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP) benchmark dataset, to validate the model's performance. Despite promising results in synthetic scenarios, the IHDP dataset reveals that the proposed model is not state-of-the-art for ATE and CATE estimation. Nonetheless, the research provides several novel insights: 1. The ps-BART model is likely the preferred choice for CATE and ATE estimation due to better generalization compared to the other benchmark models - including the Bayesian Causal Forest (BCF) model, which is considered by many the current best model for CATE estimation, 2. The BCF model's performance deteriorates significantly with increasing treatment effect heterogeneity, while the ps-BART model remains robust, 3. Models tend to be overconfident in CATE uncertainty quantification when treatment effect heterogeneity is low, 4. A second K-Fold method is unnecessary for avoiding overfitting in CATE estimation, as it adds computational costs without improving performance, 5. Detailed analysis reveals the importance of understanding dataset characteristics and using nuanced evaluation methods, 6. The conclusion of Curth et al. (2021) that indirect strategies for CATE estimation are superior for the IHDP dataset is contradicted by the results of this research. These findings challenge existing assumptions and suggest directions for future research to enhance causal inference methodologies.

Development of efficient and high-performing electrolytes is crucial for advancing energy storage technologies, particularly in batteries. Predicting the performance of battery electrolytes rely on complex interactions between the individual constituents. Consequently, a strategy that adeptly captures these relationships and forms a robust representation of the formulation is essential for integrating with machine learning models to predict properties accurately. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach leveraging a transformer-based molecular representation model to effectively and efficiently capture the representation of electrolyte formulations. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on two battery property prediction tasks and the results show superior performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods.